Chapter 12 – Coding With Python Turtle

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Chapter 12 – Coding With Python Turtle

📘 Basic Math for Python
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Python Turtle is a beginner‑friendly graphics library that helps students learn coding concepts like loops, angles, and coordinates by drawing shapes on the screen using simple commands.

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1. Starting Python

Python basics

Python is a high‑level, interpreted language that executes programs line by line, which makes it easier for beginners to find and correct errors.

• Install Python from the official website and open IDLE or any Python editor.
• The turtle module comes pre‑installed with standard Python.
• Programs are saved as .py files and can be run repeatedly.

🧾Example: Simple Python program

print("Welcome to Python")
print("Python runs line by line!")

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2. Creating a New File in Python

Using IDLE

A Python program is usually written in a file so that it can be saved, edited, and executed multiple times.

• Open IDLE → choose File → New File.
• Type your Python or Turtle code in the new editor window.
• Save with File → Save As using .py (for example, turtle_square.py).
• Run the program using Run → Run Module or by pressing F5.

🐢

3. Programming with Turtle

Basic setup

The Turtle module uses a virtual “turtle” like a pen that moves on the screen and draws lines according to Python commands.

• Import the module, create a turtle object, and then give it movement commands.
• The main window is called the screen; the turtle draws inside this window.

💡Example: First Turtle program

import turtle

screen = turtle.Screen()      # create a window
t = turtle.Turtle()           # create a turtle object

t.forward(100)                # move forward 100 units
t.right(90)                   # turn right 90 degrees

screen.mainloop()             # keep the window open

◼️

4. Drawing a Square

Loops & angles

A square has four equal sides and four right angles of 90 degrees, so the turtle repeats the same steps four times.

• Move forward to draw one side of the square.
• Turn left or right by 90 degrees after each side.
• Use a loop to reduce repetition in the program.

🧮Example: Square using a loop

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()

for _ in range(4):    # repeat 4 times
    t.forward(100)
    t.right(90)

turtle.done()

🎨

5. Filling a Shape with Color

Color fill

Turtle can fill any closed shape (like a square or circle) with a solid color using a start and end fill command.

• Choose a fill color with t.fillcolor().
• Use t.begin_fill() before drawing the shape and t.end_fill() after completing it.

🧊Example: Filled square

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.fillcolor("cyan")     # set fill color

t.begin_fill()
for _ in range(4):
    t.forward(120)
    t.right(90)
t.end_fill()

turtle.done()

⚡

6. Changing the Speed of Drawing

Speed control

The speed of the turtle can be controlled to show drawings slowly or quickly, which is useful for demonstrations.

• Use t.speed(n) where n may be 1 (slow) to 10 (fast), or keywords like "slowest" and "fastest".
• Slower speed is helpful for teaching steps; faster speed gives almost instant drawings.

🚀Example: Different speeds

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.speed(1)          # slow

t.forward(100)
t.speed(10)         # very fast
t.right(90)
t.forward(100)

turtle.done()

✏️

7. Changing the Pen Size

Line thickness

The pen size controls how thick or thin the lines appear on the screen, which helps to emphasize important shapes.

• Use t.pensize(width) to change the pen thickness.
• Thin lines are used for normal shapes; thick lines are used for borders or designs.

📏Example: Different pen sizes

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()

t.pensize(2)
t.forward(80)

t.penup()
t.goto(0, -30)
t.pendown()

t.pensize(6)
t.forward(80)

turtle.done()

⭕

8. Drawing a Circle

Radius concept

A circle in Turtle is drawn using a fixed radius, and the turtle moves around the center in a curved path.

• Use t.circle(radius) to draw a circle.
• A larger radius produces a bigger circle; a smaller radius produces a smaller circle.

🎯Example: Simple circle

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()

t.circle(80)      # circle with radius 80

turtle.done()

🎯

9. Drawing a Customized Circle

Arcs & designs

Customized circles allow you to draw arcs or combine circles to make patterns and creative designs.

• Use t.circle(radius, extent) where extent is the angle (like 90°, 180°) to draw part of a circle.
• Repeat circles at different angles to form flowers or circular designs.

🌼Example: Flower using arcs

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.speed(0)

for _ in range(6):
    t.circle(80, 180)   # half circle
    t.right(60)         # turn for next petal

turtle.done()

🔄

10. Changing the Pen Direction

Turning & heading

The direction of the turtle controls which way it moves on the screen and can be changed without drawing if the pen is lifted.

• t.left(angle) and t.right(angle) rotate the turtle by a given number of degrees.
• t.setheading(angle) sets the turtle to an exact direction (0° = east, 90° = north, etc.).

🧭Example: Using setheading

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()

t.setheading(0)    # face east
t.forward(80)

t.setheading(90)   # face north
t.forward(80)

turtle.done()

🧹

11. Clearing the Screen

Clear drawing

Sometimes you need to erase the drawing but keep the turtle active in the same window.

• t.clear() removes all drawings from the screen.
• The turtle’s position and settings remain, so you can start a new drawing immediately.

🧼Example: Draw, clear, draw again

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()

t.forward(100)
t.right(90)
t.forward(50)

t.clear()          # remove drawing

t.left(45)
t.forward(80)

turtle.done()

🔁

12. Resetting the Environment

Start fresh

Resetting brings the turtle and the screen back to the original starting state.

• t.reset() clears the screen and moves the turtle back to the center.
• It also restores the default direction, color, and speed of the turtle.

♻️Example: Reset after drawing

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()

t.circle(60)
t.reset()         # clear and reset turtle

t.forward(100)

turtle.done()

🖐️

13. Leaving a Stamp

Marks & patterns

Stamping leaves an impression of the turtle’s shape at its current position, while the real turtle can continue moving.

• Use t.stamp() to create a copy mark of the turtle on the screen.
• Multiple stamps can create trails or patterns without drawing lines between them.

🌟Example: Stamped trail

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()
t.shape("turtle")

for _ in range(6):
    t.stamp()         # leave a turtle stamp
    t.forward(40)

turtle.done()

👥

14. Cloning of a Turtle

Multiple turtles

Cloning creates a new turtle with the same properties as the original, so several turtles can draw at the same time.

• Use t.clone() to make a second turtle object.
• Each turtle can have its own color, speed, and direction, which helps in drawing complex or symmetric designs.

🎭Example: Two turtles drawing

import turtle

t1 = turtle.Turtle()
t1.color("red")

t2 = t1.clone()        # clone of t1
t2.color("blue")

t1.forward(100)
t2.right(90)
t2.forward(100)

turtle.done()

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